# 117_Bond_Whitehorse_strat_sections

Descriptn1:
Eolian sand; less structure; fine to medium well-sorted sand with coarse sand lenses


Descriptn1:
Glaciolacustrine; varved clay and silt; Cross section of kettle development exposed; contains debris flow beds up to 1 m thick and turbidity current structures infilled with clay and silt/no surface expression


Descriptn1:
Well sorted glaciofluvial sand; medium to coarse texture, minor pebble cobble lenses up to 2 m thick, Takhini River at base


Sect_notes:
Large cutbank exposure on Takhini River, Section 1 - Kame component; Stevenson moraine section

Descriptn1:
Deltaic fine sand; silty fine sand; Cohesive; Top 1m has flat lying beds


Descriptn1:
Kame; Sandy gravel: Dominant pebbles and cobbles; Very porous, non-cohesive; Well rounded clasts


Descriptn1:
Sandy: Silty glaciolacustrine unit medium to fine grained sand beds 10-20cm thick separated by 2-20cm thick silty layers; Appears to become sandier futher up section


Descriptn1:
Covered; river level at base at 622 m elevation


Descriptn1:
Modern soil, with minor cliff-top accumulations


Descriptn1:
Clay rich glaciolacustrine unit; More silt on top of unit perhaps related to draining of the lake; Distal to ice front or meltwater input


Descriptn1:
Mostly fine sand with some silt beds; Ripples are common; Drop stones rare


Descriptn1:
Massive glaciolacustrine silt and clay. Minor drop stones; one coarser turbidite-like bed with pebbles-may be ice raffled ev/ subsequent implanting deformation


Descriptn1:
Disorganized, poorly sorted pebble dominated diamict either a subaqueous debris flow or a meltout till; We are very proximal~200m from kame deposit


Sect_notes:
Fred Last Section - Takhini River; west of Stevenson moraine and east of Fred's moraine


Descriptn1:
Recessive sand at top of section; Probably related to draining of the lake


Descriptn1:
Clay rich glaciolacustrine; Recessive "Crumbly clay"


Descriptn1:
Diamict; Discontinuous diamict, present at south end of section and pinches out midway to the mouth; Past the mid point the unit is only represented by an abundance of drop stones; looks very much like till


Descriptn1:
Cohesive; Laminated, relavitely undeformed silt; Faulted; Minor flame structures; Drop stones


Descriptn1:
Sand unit- recessive; Planar bedded medium to coarse sand; Minor drop stones; Current ripples at the top of the unit. Pebbles present


Descriptn1:
Deformed Lb; Alternating beds of laminated silt and medium grained sand; Deformation of flame structured are prevalent in silty layers and is thought to be caused by disturbance due emplacement of sandy beds-Increased flow or current in lake bottom


Descriptn1:
Recessive clay-rich glaciolacustrine. Poorly exposed


Descriptn1:
Cohesive silt. Laminated, some ripples and minor deformations


Descriptn1:
Debris flow diamict, subaqueous; Discontinous lenses; pebble and cobble with minor boulders; In some locations may even represent ice rafted diamict or clasts; erosional lower contact


Descriptn1:
Resistant; Cohesive, buff coloured glaciolacustrine silt; Planar bedded or laminated, little to no deformation; Cliff former


Descriptn1:
Covered; creek level at base at 692 m elevation


Descriptn1:
Glaciofluvial sand and gravel; Sand 80%; Pebbles/cobbles/boulders 20%


Descriptn1:
Ablation till; Sandy beds; Diamict with boulders and cobbles; Recessive


Descriptn1:
Basal till; Silty fine sand matrix 60%; Clast (p,c,b) 40%; Some sorted gravel lenses at the base of the till


Descriptn1:
Silt and sand beds recessive; Drop stones present; Diamict-flow lenses become more common at the top; Resistant; Sorted gravel lenses at top


Descriptn1:
Resistant; Sandy matrix, 70%; Pebble/cobble/boulder, 30%; Could be a meltout till


Descriptn1:
Covered; Flat Creek level at base at 930 m elevation


Descriptn1:
Lower part (3m) of this unit is a moderately sorted pebble-cobble-gravel; Open worked structure in some beds


Descriptn1:
Clast supported diamict; Silty sand matrix; Fewer larger clasts than unit 2


Descriptn1:
Pebble, cobble, gravel - Coarse sand matrix; Poorly sorted; Recessive


Descriptn1:
Glaciolacustrine unit consisting of bedded sand and silt; Medium - fine grained sand and silt to clay size fines; Rests comfortably on till (unit 1); This unit is not continuous across the section


Descriptn1:
Coarse mountain till?; Compact cohesive clast supported diamict; has a basal meltout appearance with minor bedded sand lenses; Deformed or thrusted sand beds; Boulders are common


Descriptn1:
Covered to creek level at base at 1188 m elevation


Descriptn1:
Glaciolacustrine sequence; Lower contact with till is sandy outwash pebble gravel fining rapidly upward into a sorted sand dipping at 15 deg to 215 deg, bearing (SW); Gravel is approx 30cm thick and sand is 50cm thick; Fines upward into silt/clay beds


Descriptn1:
Diamicton (Till of readvance); Matrix supported 60%, fine sandy silt; Clast 40% (pebble/cobble/boulder); Cohesive


Descriptn1:
Sandy, silty diamicton; Crude sorting; matrix dominated 65%, pebbles and cobbles 35%


Descriptn1:
Silt and clay dominated glaciolacustrine unit with numerous drop stones; Bedding is crude; Clay-rich diamicton lenses are common and are interpreted as debris flow deposits; Most layers are contorted


Descriptn1:
Cobble pebble gravel; Poorly sorted; Open worked pebble and grit lenses; Clast supported. Approx 80% clasts 20% matrix c.sand


Descriptn1:
River section has exposed 35m of glaciolacustrine silt and fine sand; A 40 cm lens of gravel, 20 m above river, marks a Watson River inversion event into the glacial lake package; Watson River at base


Descriptn1:
Recessional outwash kame; Silty sand with minor pebble and cobble beds outwash; Not continuous along the section; recession kame deposit with a small surface extent or distribution


Descriptn1:
Ablation till; Poorly sorted sandy diamict; Clasts range in size from pebble to boulders; Max boulder is 1m; Lense of glaciolacustrine silt; recessive or somewhat discontinuous


Descriptn1:
Cohesive, matrix supported glacial diamict/basal till; 50% matrix, 50% clasts - pebble, cobble, boulder; fabric taken; jointing present; lower 2 m has higher matrix component (60%) and smaller clasts.


Descriptn1:
Advance? kame gravel; outwash complex, coarsens upward with open work cobble boulder gravel beds dipping south; discontinuous fine sand and silt beds present


Descriptn1:
Advance? kame gravel; well-defined bedding;  moderately to well sorted outwash with medium grained sand beds; Dipping to the north


Descriptn1:
Glacial diamict; Cohesive matrix supported cobble boulder pebble diamict; top 1.5m is oxidized, overlain by 3m of Glaciolacustrine silt and sand- which may be part of unit 1


# 117_legend_expression

description:
Material that has been transported down a slope and deposited in accumulations at the base of the slope.


description:
A layer of unconsolidated material thick enough to mask minor irregularities of the surface of the underlying material, but still conforms to the general underlying topography. A blanket is greater than 1 m thick and possesses no constructional forms typical of the material’s genesis; outcrops of the underlying unit are rare.


description:
Flat to gently sloping surface deposited at the mouth of a river in a body of water. Channel scars on the delta surface are commonly visible.


description:
A fan is a relatively smooth sector of a cone with a slope gradient from apex to toe up to and including 15° (26%), and a longtitudinal profile that is either straight, or slightly concave or convex.  Commonly applies to fluvial fans.


description:
Steep-sided hillock(s) and hollow(s) with multidirectional slopes dominantly between 15 and 35° (26 to 70%) if composed of unconsolidated materials; bedrock slopes may be steeper. Local relief is greater than 1 m.  In plan, an assemblage of non-linear, generally chaotic forms that are rounded or irregular in cross-profile. Commonly applied to knob-and-kettle glaciofluvial terrain.


description:
Elongate hillock(s) with slopes dominantly between 3 and 15° (5 to 26%) with local relief greater than 1 m. In plan, an assemblage of parallel or sub-parallel linear forms with subdued relief. Commonly applied to bedrock ridges and fluted or streamlined till plains.


description:
A level or very gently sloping, unidirectional (planar) surface with gradients 0 to 3° (0 to 5%); local surface irregularities generally have a relief of less than 1 m. Applied to (glacio)fluvial floodplains, organic deposits, lacustrine deposits and till plains.


description:
Elongate hillock(s) with slopes dominantly between 15 and 35° (26 to 70%) if composed of unconsolidated materials; bedrock slopes may be steeper. Local relief is greater than 1 m. In plan, an assemblage of parallel or sub–parallel linear forms. Commonly applied to drumlinized till plains, eskers, morainal ridges, crevasse fillings and ridged bedrock.


description:
A unidirectional (planar) surface with gradients greater than 35° (70%), and a smooth longitudinal profile that is either straight, or slightly concave or convex; local surface irregularities generally have a relief of less than 1 m; bedrock slopes may be more irregular. Commonly applied to terrace scarps, gully side walls and bedrock cliffs.


description:
A single or assemblage of step-like forms where each step-like form consists of a scarp face and a horizontal or gently inclined surface (tread) above it. Applied to fluvial and lacustrine terraces and stepped bedrock topography.

A single or assemblage of step-like forms where each step-like form consists of a scarp face and a horizontal or gently inclined surface (tread) above it. Applied to fluvial and lacustrine terraces and stepped bedrock topography.


description:
A layer of unconsolidated materials too thin to mask the minor irregularities of the surface of the underlying material. It is between about 10 cm and 1m in thickness, and possesses no constructional form typical of the material genesis. Commonly applied to eolian loess and colluvial veneers.


description:
A combination of several surface expressions.


# 117_legend_materials

desc_short:
Sediment transported and deposited by streams and rivers; synonymous with alluvial. General Description: deposits consist of gravel and/or sand and/or silt (and rarely clay).

desc_gen1:
Gravel is typically rounded and contains interstitial sand. Fluvial sediment is commonly moderately to well-sorted and displays stratification, although massive, nonsorted fluvial deposits do occur.

desc_gen2:
Fluvial deposits in the large valley bottoms typically have a sandy texture because of the abundance of reworked glaciolacustrine sediment. Includes floodplains, fluvial terraces and fans, and deltas.

desc_photo:
The landform photograph shows the upper Wheaton River floodplain and fluvial sediment. The active components of the floodplain have minimal vegetative cover, whereas older, less active sections of the floodplain are well vegetated.

desc_memo:
Sediment transported and deposited by streams and rivers; synonymous with alluvial. General Description: deposits consist of gravel and/or sand and/or silt (and rarely clay). Gravel is typically rounded and contains interstitial sand. Fluvial sediment is commonly moderately to well-sorted and displays stratification, although massive, nonsorted fluvial deposits do occur. Fluvial deposits in the large valley bottoms typically have a sandy texture because of the abundance of reworked glaciolacustrine sediment. Includes floodplains, fluvial terraces and fans, and deltas.

The landform photograph shows the upper Wheaton River floodplain and fluvial sediment. The active components of the floodplain have minimal vegetative cover, whereas older, less active sections of the floodplain are well vegetated.


desc_short:
Materials resulting from vegetative growth, decay and accumlation in and around closed basins or on gentle slopes, where the rate of accumulation exceeds that of decay.

desc_gen1:
Two types of organic material are recognized. The first are commonly saturated with water and consist mainly of the accumulated remains of mosses, sedges or other hydrophytic vegetation.

desc_gen2:
The second are rarely saturated with water and consist typically of leaf litter, twigs, branches and mosses (folisols).

desc_photo:
The landform photograph shows an inactive channel of the Yukon River near the mouth of Cowley Creek. Organic deposits have accumulated in the poorly drained abandoned river channel.

desc_memo:
Materials resulting from vegetative growth, decay and accumlation in and around closed basins or on gentle slopes, where the rate of accumulation exceeds that of decay. Two types of organic material are recognized. The first are commonly saturated with water and consist mainly of the accumulated remains of mosses, sedges or other hydrophytic vegetation. The second are rarely saturated with water and consist typically of leaf litter, twigs, branches and mosses (folisols).

The landform photograph shows an inactive channel of the Yukon River near the mouth of Cowley Creek. Organic deposits have accumulated in the poorly drained abandoned river channel.


desc_short:
Areas of snow and ice where evidence of active glacier movement and/or stagnant glacier ice is present.

desc_gen1:
Glaciers in this map area are typically small cirque glaciers not exceeding 2 km in length.

desc_gen2:
Fresh morainal sediment deposited during recent retreat of the glaciers from the Little Ice Age limit (Neoglacial) is often present adjacent to the ice (refer to "Mh" labels on map). Neoglacial deposits are generally devoid of vegetation.

desc_photo:
The landform photograph was taken at the headwaters of the Wheaton River immediately west of this map area. Note the coarse morainal sediment in the foreground. The close-up picture shows the bottom of a glacier in the Wheaton River drainage.

desc_memo:
Areas of snow and ice where evidence of active glacier movement and/or stagnant glacier ice is present. Glaciers in this map area are typically small cirque glaciers not exceeding 2 km in length. Fresh morainal sediment deposited during recent retreat of the glaciers from the Little Ice Age limit (Neoglacial) is often present adjacent to the ice (refer to "Mh" labels on map). Neoglacial deposits are generally devoid of vegetation. For textural description see "Glacial deposits" below.  

The landform photograph was taken at the headwaters of the Wheaton River immediately west of this map area. Note the coarse morainal sediment in the foreground. The close-up picture shows the bottom of a glacier in the Wheaton River drainage. Subglacial melt is releasing till from within the ice and depositing it on the bedrock surface.


desc_short:
Sediment transported and deposited by wind action.

desc_gen1:
General Description: consists of medium to fine sand and coarse silt that is well-sorted, noncompacted and may contain internal structures such as crossbedding or ripple laminae, or may be massive.

desc_gen2:
Individual grains may be rounded and exhibit frosting. Eolian landforms may be active  (Carcross dunes) or vegetated and inactive (Whitehorse dune field).

desc_photo:
The landform photograph shows active dunes along the shoreline of Bennett Lake near the town of Carcross. Most eolian deposits in the map area are inactive. The Whitehorse dune field was last active between 9000 and 10 000 years ago.

desc_memo:
Sediment transported and deposited by wind action. General Description: consists of medium to fine sand and coarse silt that is well-sorted, noncompacted and may contain internal structures such as crossbedding or ripple laminae, or may be massive. Individual grains may be rounded and exhibit frosting. Eolian landforms may be active  (Carcross dunes) or vegetated and inactive (Whitehorse dune field).

The landform photograph shows active dunes along the shoreline of Bennett Lake near the town of Carcross. Most eolian deposits in the map area are inactive. The Whitehorse dune field was last active between 9000 and 10 000 years ago.


desc_short:
Sediments that have reached their present position as a result of direct, gravity induced movement involving no agent of transportation such as water or ice, although the moving material may have contained water and/or ice.

desc_gen1:
General Description: consists of massive to moderately well stratified, nonsorted to poorly sorted sediments with a range of particle sizes from clay to boulders and blocks.

desc_gen2:
The character of any particular colluvial deposit depends upon the nature of the material from which it was derived and the specific process whereby it was deposited.

desc_photo:
The landform photograph shows active colluviation into a meltwater channel east of Lake Laberge. The colluvial deposit depicted in the textural photograph originated from lateral moraine sediment of the Little Ice Age advance in the Wheaton River valley.

desc_memo:
Sediments that have reached their present position as a result of direct, gravity induced movement involving no agent of transportation such as water or ice, although the moving material may have contained water and/or ice. General Description: consists of massive to moderately well stratified, nonsorted to poorly sorted sediments with a range of particle sizes from clay to boulders and blocks. The character of any particular colluvial deposit depends upon the nature of the material from which it was derived and the specific process whereby it was deposited.

The landform photograph shows active colluviation into a meltwater channel east of Lake Laberge. The colluvial deposit depicted in the textural photograph originated from lateral moraine sediment of the Little Ice Age advance in the Wheaton River valley.


Age:
Late Pleistocene (Wisconsinan) McConnell Glaciation

desc_short:
Fluvial materials that exhibit clear evidence of having been deposited by glacial meltwater streams either directly in front of, or in contact with, glacier ice. Glaciofluvial sediment typically ranges from nonsorted and nonbedded gravel made up of a wide

desc_gen1:
range of particle sizes, such as that resulting from very rapid aggradation at an ice front, to moderately to well-sorted, stratified gravel; flow tills may occur in some deposits. Slump structures and/or equivalent topographic expression, such as

desc_gen2:
hummocky, kettled or irregular terrain may be present. These features are indicative of collapse of the material due to melting of supporting ice. Includes pitted outwash plains, kames and eskers.

desc_photo:
The landform photograph shows an esker located southwest of Whitehorse near Fish Lake. Eskers are sinuous glaciofluvial ridges deposited by streams that were once flowing under a former glacier.

desc_memo:
Fluvial materials that exhibit clear evidence of having been deposited by glacial meltwater streams either directly in front of, or in contact with, glacier ice. General Description: glaciofluvial sediment typically ranges from nonsorted and nonbedded gravel made up of a wide range of particle sizes, such as that resulting from very rapid aggradation at an ice front, to moderately to well-sorted, stratified gravel; flow tills may occur in some deposits. Slump structures and/or equivalent topographic expression, such as hummocky, kettled or irregular terrain may be present. These features are indicative of collapse of the material due to melting of supporting ice. Includes pitted outwash plains, kames and eskers. 

The landform photograph shows an esker located southwest of Whitehorse near Fish Lake. Eskers are sinuous glaciofluvial ridges deposited by streams that were once flowing under a former glacier.


desc_short:
Lacustrine sediment deposited in or along the margins of glacially fed lakes; includes sediments that were released by the melting of floating ice. Glaciolacustrine sediments include:

desc_gen1:
1) lake bed sediments consisting of stratified fine sand, silt and/or clay; they commonly contain ice-rafted stones and lenses of till and/or glaciofluvial material; slump structures and/or their topographic expression, such as hummocky, kettled or

desc_gen2:
irregular terrain, may be present and are remnant of collapse of the material due to melting of supporting ice, and 2) moderately sorted - well sorted, stratified sand and coarser beach sediments transported and deposited by wave action along lake margins

desc_photo:
The landform photograph depicts glaciolacustrine sediment along the Takhini River valley. The pebble in photograph 2 was ice-rafted out into the former lake and subsequentely dropped onto the lake bed when the ice-raft melted.

desc_memo:
Lacustrine sediment deposited in or along the margins of glacially fed lakes; includes sediments that were released by the melting of floating ice. General Description: glaciolacustrine sediments include: 1) lake bed sediments consisting of stratified fine sand, silt and/or clay; they commonly contain ice-rafted stones and lenses of till and/or glaciofluvial material; slump structures and/or their topographic expression, such as hummocky, kettled or irregular terrain, may be present and are remnant of collapse of the material due to melting of supporting ice, and 2) moderately sorted to well sorted, stratified sand and coarser beach sediments transported and deposited by wave action along the margins of glacial lakes.

The landform photograph depicts glaciolacustrine sediment along the Takhini River valley. The pebble in photograph 2 was ice-rafted out into the former lake and subsequentely dropped onto the lake bed when the ice-raft melted.


desc_short:
Sediment deposited directly by glacier ice without modification by any other agent of transportation.

desc_gen1:
General Description: till can be transported beneath, beside, on, within and in front of a glacier. The mineraological, textural, structural and topographic characteristics of till deposits are highly variable and depend upon both the source of material

desc_gen2:
incorporated by the glacier and the mode of deposition. In general, till consists of well compacted to noncompacted material that is nonstratified and contains a heterogeneous mixture of particle sizes, commonly in a matrix of sand, silt and clay.

desc_photo:
Landform photo: lateral moraine that is composed of coarse, blocky till in the Wolf Creek drainage. Textural photo: compact lodgement till on the copper haul road in the city of Whitehorse; malachite-rich pebble visible in centre.

desc_memo:
Sediment deposited directly by glacier ice without modification by any other agent of transportation. General Description: till can be transported beneath, beside, on, within and in front of a glacier. The mineraological, textural, structural and topographic characteristics of till deposits are highly variable and depend upon both the source of material incorporated by the glacier and the mode of deposition. In general, till consists of well compacted to noncompacted material that is nonstratified and contains a heterogeneous mixture of particle sizes, commonly in a matrix of sand, silt and clay.

The landform photograph shows a lateral moraine that is composed of coarse, blocky till in the Wolf Creek drainage. The textural photograph displays an exposure of compact lodgement till on the copper haul road in the city of Whitehorse. A malachite-rich pebble is visible near the centre of the photograph.


desc_short:
Bedrock outcrops and rock covered by a thin mantle of unconsolidated or organic materials. Rocks in the Whitehorse area are part of a Mesozoic sedimentary basin known as the Whitehorse Trough.

desc_gen1:
These rocks largely consist of volcanic, volcaniclastic, clastic and carbonate rocks of the Lewes River Group (Upper Triassic); volcaniclastic, clastic and coal of the Laberge Group (Lower-Middle Jurassic); and clastics and coal of the Tantalus Formation

desc_gen2:
(Upper-Lower Cretaceous). Large areas of the sedimentary sequence were subsequently intruded by granitic rocks during the Cretaceous. Tertiary basalt flows occur within the city of Whitehorse, north of Alligator Lake and in the Wheaton River valley.

desc_photo:
Photograph on the far left shows a glacially sculpted outcrop of Lewes River Group limestone. The photograph on the adjacent left shows striated granite recently deglaciated near the headwaters of the Wheaton River.

desc_memo:
Bedrock outcrops and rock covered by a thin mantle of unconsolidated or organic materials. Rocks in the Whitehorse area are part of a Mesozoic sedimentary basin known as the Whitehorse Trough (Wheeler, 1961; Lowey, 2005). These rocks largely consist of volcanic, volcaniclastic, clastic and carbonate rocks of the Lewes River Group (Upper Triassic); volcaniclastic, clastic and coal of the Laberge Group (Lower-Middle Jurassic); and clastics and coal of the Tantalus Formation (Upper-Lower Cretaceous; Wheeler, 1961; Lowey, 2005). Large areas of the sedimentary sequence were subsequently intruded by granitic rocks during the Cretaceous. Tertiary basalt flows occur within the city of Whitehorse, north of Alligator Lake and in the Wheaton River valley. Photograph on the far left shows a glacially sculpted outcrop of Lewes River Group limestone. The photograph on the adjacent left shows striated granite recently deglaciated near the headwaters of the Wheaton River.


# 117_legend_processes

description:
The removal of sand and silt sized particles from unconsolidated materials by wind.


description:
Characterized by subsidence and caving due to melting or ground ice in permafrost areas.


description:
Running water, mass movement and/or snow avalanching, resulting in the formation of parallel and subparallel long, narrow ravines.


description:
Wave action or, locally, running water (e.g., meltwater), resulting in lag deposits formed by the removal of fines from a mixture of coarse and fine particles.


description:
Cut or planed by running water but not underlain by fluvial deposits.


description:
Rapid downslope movement of snow and ice, as well as incorporated rock, surficial material and vegetation debris, by flowing or sliding.


description:
Downslope movement of masses of cohesive or non-cohesive surficial material and/or bedrock by creeping, flowing or sliding.


description:
Movement of surficial materials by heaving and/or 	churning due to frost action (repeated freezing and thawing).


description:
Erosion of bedrock or surficial materials beneath and along the margin of snow patches by freeze/thaw processes (frost shattering and heave), meltwater action and snow creep.


description:
Slow gravitational downslope movement of saturated non-frozen overburden across a frozen or otherwise impermeable substrate.


description:
Processes controlled by the presence of permafrost, and permafrost aggradation or degradation.  Applied to areas with ice-wedge polygons, thermokarst features, palsas and pingos.


description:
Erosion and channel formation by meltwater alongside, beneath, or in front of a glacier.


description:
Depressions in surficial materials resulting from the melting of buried glacier ice.


# 117_legend_texture

description:
Angular particles greater than 256 mm in size.
Angular particles with a size range of 2-256 mm, but may include interstial sand.


description:
Two or more size ranges of rounded particles greater than 2 mm, but may include interstial sand.


description:
A mixture of silt and clay; may also contain a minor fraction of fine sand.


description:
Rounded particles greater than 256 mm in size.


description:
Rounded particles having a diameter of 64-256 mm.


description:
Rounded particles having a diameter of 2-64 mm.


description:
Particles of which the fine fraction contains more than 70% by weight of fine sand or coarse particles. Particles greater than 2 mm occupy less than 35% by volume.


description:
Particles of which the fine earth fraction contains less than 15% of fine sand or coarse particles and has less than 35% clay. Particles greater than 2 mm occupy less than 35% by volume.


description:
Particles where the fine earth fraction contains 35% or more clay (less than 0.002 mm) by weight and particles greater than 2 mm occupy less than 35% by volume.


description:
The least decomposed of all organic materials; there is alarge amount of well preserved fiber that is readily identifiable as to botanical origin. Fibers retain their character upon rubbing.


description:
Organic material in an intermediate stage of decomposition; there is an intermediate amount of fiber that can be identifiable as to botanical origin.


description:
Highly decomposed organic material; there is a small amount of fiber that can be identified as to botanical origin. Fibers that are present can be easily destroyed by rubbing.


description:
Organic material containing more than 50% of woody fibers.


# 117_surficial_lines_conversion

TYPE:
meltwater channel, minor, flow direction known


# 117_surficial_points_conversion

TYPE:
streamlined landform, ice-flow direction known


# stratigraphic_sections

Sect_notes:
Large cutbank exposure on Takhini River, Section 1 - Kame component; Stevenson moraine section

Descriptn1:
Deltaic fine sand; silty fine sand; Cohesive; Top 1m has flat lying beds


Descriptn1:
Kame; Sandy gravel: Dominant pebbles and cobbles; Very porous, non-cohesive; Well rounded clasts


Descriptn1:
Sandy: Silty glaciolacustrine unit medium to fine grained sand beds 10-20cm thick separated by 2-20cm thick silty layers; Appears to become sandier futher up section


Descriptn1:
Covered; river level at base at 622 m elevation


Descriptn1:
Modern soil, with minor cliff-top accumulations


Descriptn1:
Clay rich glaciolacustrine unit; More silt on top of unit perhaps related to draining of the lake; Distal to ice front or meltwater input


Descriptn1:
Mostly fine sand with some silt beds; Ripples are common; Drop stones rare


Descriptn1:
Massive glaciolacustrine silt and clay. Minor drop stones; one coarser turbidite-like bed with pebbles-may be ice raffled ev/ subsequent implanting deformation


Descriptn1:
Disorganized, poorly sorted pebble dominated diamict either a subaqueous debris flow or a meltout till; We are very proximal~200m from kame deposit


Sect_notes:
Fred Last Section - Takhini River; west of Stevenson moraine and east of Fred's moraine


Descriptn1:
Recessive sand at top of section; Probably related to draining of the lake


Descriptn1:
Clay rich glaciolacustrine; Recessive "Crumbly clay"


Descriptn1:
Diamict; Discontinuous diamict, present at south end of section and pinches out midway to the mouth; Past the mid point the unit is only represented by an abundance of drop stones; looks very much like till


Descriptn1:
Cohesive; Laminated, relavitely undeformed silt; Faulted; Minor flame structures; Drop stones


Descriptn1:
Sand unit- recessive; Planar bedded medium to coarse sand; Minor drop stones; Current ripples at the top of the unit. Pebbles present


Descriptn1:
Deformed Lb; Alternating beds of laminated silt and medium grained sand; Deformation of flame structured are prevalent in silty layers and is thought to be caused by disturbance due emplacement of sandy beds-Increased flow or current in lake bottom


Descriptn1:
Recessive clay-rich glaciolacustrine. Poorly exposed


Descriptn1:
Cohesive silt. Laminated, some ripples and minor deformations


Descriptn1:
Debris flow diamict, subaqueous; Discontinous lenses; pebble and cobble with minor boulders; In some locations may even represent ice rafted diamict or clasts; erosional lower contact


Descriptn1:
Resistant; Cohesive, buff coloured glaciolacustrine silt; Planar bedded or laminated, little to no deformation; Cliff former


Descriptn1:
Covered; creek level at base at 692 m elevation


Descriptn1:
Glaciofluvial sand and gravel; Sand 80%; Pebbles/cobbles/boulders 20%


Descriptn1:
Ablation till; Sandy beds; Diamict with boulders and cobbles; Recessive


Descriptn1:
Basal till; Silty fine sand matrix 60%; Clast (p,c,b) 40%; Some sorted gravel lenses at the base of the till


Descriptn1:
Silt and sand beds recessive; Drop stones present; Diamict-flow lenses become more common at the top; Resistant; Sorted gravel lenses at top


Descriptn1:
Resistant; Sandy matrix, 70%; Pebble/cobble/boulder, 30%; Could be a meltout till


Descriptn1:
Covered; Flat Creek level at base at 930 m elevation


Descriptn1:
Recessional outwash kame; Silty sand with minor pebble and cobble beds outwash; Not continuous along the section; recession kame deposit with a small surface extent or distribution


Descriptn1:
Ablation till; Poorly sorted sandy diamict; Clasts range in size from pebble to boulders; Max boulder is 1m; Lense of glaciolacustrine silt; recessive or somewhat discontinuous


Descriptn1:
Cohesive, matrix supported glacial diamict/basal till; 50% matrix, 50% clasts - pebble, cobble, boulder; fabric taken; jointing present; lower 2 m has higher matrix component (60%) and smaller clasts.


Descriptn1:
Advance? kame gravel; outwash complex, coarsens upward with open work cobble boulder gravel beds dipping south; discontinuous fine sand and silt beds present


Descriptn1:
Advance? kame gravel; well-defined bedding;  moderately to well sorted outwash with medium grained sand beds; Dipping to the north


Descriptn1:
Glacial diamict; Cohesive matrix supported cobble boulder pebble diamict; top 1.5m is oxidized, overlain by 3m of Glaciolacustrine silt and sand- which may be part of unit 1


Descriptn1:
Glaciolacustrine sequence; Lower contact with till is sandy outwash pebble gravel fining rapidly upward into a sorted sand dipping at 15 deg to 215 deg, bearing (SW); Gravel is approx 30cm thick and sand is 50cm thick; Fines upward into silt/clay beds


Descriptn1:
Diamicton (Till of readvance); Matrix supported 60%, fine sandy silt; Clast 40% (pebble/cobble/boulder); Cohesive


Descriptn1:
Sandy, silty diamicton; Crude sorting; matrix dominated 65%, pebbles and cobbles 35%


Descriptn1:
Silt and clay dominated glaciolacustrine unit with numerous drop stones; Bedding is crude; Clay-rich diamicton lenses are common and are interpreted as debris flow deposits; Most layers are contorted


Descriptn1:
Cobble pebble gravel; Poorly sorted; Open worked pebble and grit lenses; Clast supported. Approx 80% clasts 20% matrix c.sand


Descriptn1:
River section has exposed 35m of glaciolacustrine silt and fine sand; A 40 cm lens of gravel, 20 m above river, marks a Watson River inversion event into the glacial lake package; Watson River at base


Descriptn1:
Lower part (3m) of this unit is a moderately sorted pebble-cobble-gravel; Open worked structure in some beds


Descriptn1:
Clast supported diamict; Silty sand matrix; Fewer larger clasts than unit 2


Descriptn1:
Pebble, cobble, gravel - Coarse sand matrix; Poorly sorted; Recessive


Descriptn1:
Glaciolacustrine unit consisting of bedded sand and silt; Medium - fine grained sand and silt to clay size fines; Rests comfortably on till (unit 1); This unit is not continuous across the section


Descriptn1:
Coarse mountain till?; Compact cohesive clast supported diamict; has a basal meltout appearance with minor bedded sand lenses; Deformed or thrusted sand beds; Boulders are common


Descriptn1:
Covered to creek level at base at 1188 m elevation


Descriptn1:
Eolian sand; less structure; fine to medium well-sorted sand with coarse sand lenses


Descriptn1:
Glaciolacustrine; varved clay and silt; Cross section of kettle development exposed; contains debris flow beds up to 1 m thick and turbidity current structures infilled with clay and silt/no surface expression


Descriptn1:
Well sorted glaciofluvial sand; medium to coarse texture, minor pebble cobble lenses up to 2 m thick, Takhini River at base


# surficial_lines

ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Upper Laberge, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-8


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Whitehorse, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-7


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Alligator Lake, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-4


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Fenwick Creek, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-3


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, MacRae, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-6


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Robinson, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-5


TYPE:
meltwater channel, minor, flow direction known


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Carcross, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-2


# surficial_points

ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Robinson, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-5


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Upper Laberge, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-8


TYPE:
streamlined landform, ice-flow direction known

ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Carcross, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-2


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Fenwick Creek, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-3


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Alligator Lake, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-4


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, MacRae, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-6


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Whitehorse, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-7


# surficial_polygons

ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Alligator Lake, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-4


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Fenwick Creek, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-3


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, MacRae, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-6


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Robinson, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-5


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Upper Laberge, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-8


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Whitehorse, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-7


ORIGNL_MAP:
Bond, Morison & McKenna, 2005, Carcross, YGS Geoscience Map 2005-2


